 5 ࣠ 
࣠  ।⠢ ᮡ  堭, 騩 樮 ⥬ ᮧ  믮 ணࠬ 饭 ।. ਬ,  ६ 믮 ᪮쪨 ணࠬ       ᨬ ᭮ ࠭⢮.  ࠧ ᥬ ⨬ ணࠬ   ⮣  ᭮ ࠭⢠     뫠  믮 ᫮  騥  ୮ ६ ஢ન, ⮡  ﭨ  㣨 ணࠬ.
࣠  ⮨  ᥣ樨  窨 ࠭.  㦨  ⮣, ⮡   ணࠬ ᪮쪮 ᨬ, 饭  ࠭. 窠 ࠭ ᯮ  প ।,  ன 訥  ࠭⢠    让  ⨢   ன ᪮ . ࠡ稪 ⥬  ᯮ짮    堭, ⠪    .  ६ 믮 ᪮쪨 ணࠬ   ணࠬ  ﭨ   㣨 ணࠬ  ᯮ짮  堭.
    ஢   ,    8-⮢ ,  ᮪ ஢ ,  ᯮ짮 ࠭樨 ᮢ  . ।⢠ ࣠樨  ࠡ  栬,  뢠 ᥣ⠬.  ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ ᨬ, 饭 ᭮ ࠭⢮.   ᥣ⠬ ࠢ 묨,   ᠭ  ࠧ, ஢ ਢ஢,  㦥  㯠  , ⨯ 뫮  , ਬ  ⮬ ᥣ (롮ઠ , 饭  祭  ⥪,  ⥭,    ..),  ⠪  ⢨  .
 㦨  ࠢ 㯮  ,    宦 訡  ࠧࠡ⪥ ணࠬ   襭  筮 த.  ⠪ ᯮ  饭  ꥪ 㫥 . 堭 ᥣ樨  㦭 ᮧ , ᨬ  樨  , ᪮  뫪    믮 ⭮⥫쭮    ᥣ  ᥣ  .    ᯮ짮  ᮧ -१ ணࠬ 㫥,   䨪஢  (䨪஢  ⮬ ᫥,      ) ।⠢ ᮡ ᬥ饭 ⭮⥫쭮   ᥣ.  ணࠬ ⥬   㫨   ࠧ 䨧᪨ , ᪮ 堭 ᥣ樨   砥  ࠢ쭮 ࠢ  뫪  .
 砥 ⮩ ⥪    ⭮    ⮬  ᭮ ࠭.   , ᯮ㥬 8-⮢묨 யࠬ, ⠪  8080,  ᪨  䨧᪨  ᮢ.  i486   ᯮ짮   ࠧ ।⢮ ⮡ࠦ  ᥣ⮢    ⮬  ᭮ ࠭⢥  饭 窨 ࠭ .      樨  ࠧࠡ⮪  32-ࠧ來 設    ⥪ । ⮩ 設.
ਪ ணࠬ ⠪ 筮  ᯮ짮 堭 ᥣ樨.  稭 ⪠ ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ⮨  ⮬,  ⥪   ""       ணࠬ.  ⮣, ⮡ । ⠪ த 訡,  ᯮ짮 孨 ᥣ樨. ⥪    㣮 ᭮ ࠭⢮,  ,  室  ᥣ  ᥣ .  ⥪ ᥣ  ⭮   ⥪ ᥣ, ⮣    ᥣ  ⭮  , । ᥣ . ⥪ ᥣ 㤥  ᨬ ࠧ, ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ⠭  ᯥ祭.  ⪠ 㢥 ࠧ ⥪  ⠭ 祭 ਢ   ᪫祭.
 ணࠬ ⥬  ᯮ짮  ।⢠, ।⠢塞 ᥣ樥. ਬ, ⥬,  ன ணࠬ ࠧ   ० ॠ쭮 ६,    祭 筮 ࠢ 㯮  ⨬ .  ணࠬ   ୮ 㯠  , ⠪ 訡 ਢ  ஢ ᪫祭.   㦨  ᯮ⥫쭮 ⫠筮 ।⢮  ࠧࠡ⪥ ணࠬ,  ⠪  ᯮ짮  ᪠ ⠭⥫ 楤  訡  ⥬, ।祭  筮 짮⥫.
⭮ ᯥ祭 ᥣ樨 ࠭᫨ ᥣ஢ (᪨)    뢭, ᥣ஢ ᭮ ࠭⢠,  뢠  ᮬ. ᫨ ࠧ襭 窠 ࠭,  ⭮ ᯥ祭 窨 ࠭᫨    䨧᪨ . ᫨ 窠 ࠭  ࠧ襭,   ⢥ 䨧᪮  ᯮ ࠧ  . ᪨    室    設.
窠 ࠭ ।⠢ ᮡ 堭,  㦨  ஢ 讣 ᥣ஢ ᭮ ࠭⢠    ࠣ஢ ᭮ ࠭⢠  ண ꥬ ᪮ . 窠 ࠭ ᯥ稢   ࠬ , ॢ騬  ࠧ 㯭 ࠭⢮ ⨢ ,  ⮬,   ⠪  ন  ⨢ ,   -  ᪥.
窠 믮   ࠧ஬  4,   뢠 ࠭栬.  ணࠬ ⠥   ࠭,     室  ᪥,  ணࠬ ந室 ᯥ樠쭮 뢠.  ⫨稥   ᪫祭  뢠, ᪫祭, 㥬  ࠭᫨஢ , ⠭ ᮤন ॣ஢   祭, 騥  믮 , 맢襩  ᪫祭.  ᯥ樠 ⢨   १᪠ .   樮 ⥬  ࠭  ᪠,  ⮡ࠦ  ᮢ  䨧᪨    ࠭  १ ணࠬ.   ஧祭  ணࠬ.
᫨ 樮 ⥬   ⠭  31 ॣ CR0 ( PG), 堭 窨 ࠭   㤥 ࠧ襭.     ६   䨧᪨ ᠬ.      ,  ࠧࠡ⪠,  뫠 ᤥ  16-ࠧ來 ,   ᯮ짮 32-ࠧ來 . 樮 ⥬, ᠭ  16-ࠧ來 ,  ᯮ 堭 窨 ࠭, ᪮ ࠧ  ᭮ ࠭⢠ ⮫쪮  (64),  ࠧ  䥪⨢  堭 ᢮  ⨢   ᪮ 楫 ᥣ⮢,  ⤥ ࠭ .
窠 ࠭   ࠧ襭  樮 ⥬,   ন 㠫   窮 ࠭  ॡ, ਬ UNIX. 窠 ࠭ ஧筠  ਪ ணࠬ ᯥ祭, ⮬ 樮 ⥬,   ন ਪ ணࠬ, ᠭ  16-⮢ ஢,  믮  ணࠬ  ࠧ襭 窮 ࠭.  ⫨稥  窨, ᥣ  ஧筠  ਪ ணࠬ. ணࠬ, ᯮ騥 ᥣ,  믮  ⥬ ᥣ⠬,  뫨 祭  ᯮ짮  ࠧࠡ⪥  ணࠬ.
5.1 롮  ᥣ樨
롮  ᥣ樨  믮  ᭮ ॡ   த⢨. ਬ, ⥬,   ᪮쪨 ணࠬ, ࠧ   ० ॠ쭮 ६, 㤥  訥 ࠪ⨪ த⢨  롮 ,  ⭮ ஫ 뫪  .  ᥣ⭠  .
 ⢥ 㣮 ࠩ, ᬮਬ ⥬,  ᥣ   믮塞 ணࠬ - ⠪ ⥬   ᨬ 먣  砥 ᥣ஢ "᪮"  . ⢨  ணࠬ "쭨" 㪠⥫  䨪ᮢ ८। ᥣ 㬥蠥 ࠧ   㢥稢  த⢨.  ॥ 믮 ⥪ ફ祭, ᪮  室 ࠭  ⠭ ᮤন ᥣ ॣ஢.
 २⢠  ᯮ짮 ᥣ樨 ⠪ ᯥ稢   窨 ࠭. ਬ, ࠧ   믮   ⮡ࠦ     ࠭   ᭮ ࠭⢮  ணࠬ.
5.1.1 ᪠ 
 ⮩   ᪠ .  ⮬ 砥  ᥣ ⮡ࠦ   䨧᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢮. 饭 ᥣ  ⭮    ,    .    襩 ⥯ ᪫砥 堭 ᥣ樨  ⥪,   ࠧࠡ稪 ⥬, ⠪  ਪ ணࠬ.   롨ࠥ  ணࠬ । ⨯ UNIX,  ন  ࠭,   ন ᥣ.
 । ਯ஬ ᥣ.  ᪮   ᮧ   ਯ,   뫮  ,  㣮  뫮  .  ਯ   祭  . 直 ࠧ  㯥   ᮤন   ᥣ ॣ஢ ᯮ  롮 ਯ ᥣ. ਯ ᥣ ᮤন   ᥣ   ࠭,  ⠪ ଠ, ࠢ 㯮 (. 㭮 5-1).

            ਯ         ᪠
ॣ              ᥣ⮢           

-----------                               --------------------4
|   CS    |----                           |  (EPROM)     |
-----------    |                          |------------------|
-----------    |                          |                  |
|   SS    |--  |      ----------------    |                  |
-----------  |  -->   ||࠭|    |                  |
-----------   ---->   ----------------    |                  |
|   DS    |------->   |  |    |                  |
-----------     -->   ----------------    |                  |
-----------    |                     |    |------------------|
|   ES    |----                      |    |.(DRAM) |
-----------                           --> -------------------- 0

                  㭮 5-1  ᪠ 

 設 䨧᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢠ 筮 頥 , ᪮쪮  稭 믮   0FFFFFFF0H. ⨢  室    ᭮ ࠭⢠, ᪮ 砫   ᥣ  DS ᫥ 樠樨  ⥬ ⠭  0.
 ᪮   ਯ   , ࠢ 0,  ࠭ ᥣ 4 . ⠭ ࠭ ᥣ  祭 4  堭 ᥣ樨 ।頥  ᪫祭  뫮  , 室  ࠭ ᥣ. ᪫祭  ⥬   ஢ 堭 窨 ࠭   ᥣ樨,      ᪫祭   .
5.1.2 饭 ᪠ 
饭 ᪠  筠 ᪮ ,  ᪫祭 ⮣,  ࠭ ᥣ⮢ ⠭ ࠢ묨 ⠪  ᮢ,  ᮮ⢥ 䠪᪨  ⨢ . 饥 ᪫祭     ⪥ 㯠  饩 .    ᯮ짮  ⥬,  饭 堭 窨 ࠭, ᪮  ᯥ稢  ஢ ⭮    ⨯ ணࠬ 訡.
 ⮩  ⭮ ᯥ祭 ᥣ樨 ।頥 饭 ணࠬ  騬 ᠬ . ᫥⢨  砥 ࠧ襭 㯠  ⠪ ᠬ    ⭮ ᯥ祭. ਬ, ᫨   稫 ᨣ READY# (ᨣ ஢  襭 横 設),  横 設   襭,  ந ⠭ 믮 ணࠬ.
  ணࠬ    ⪨ 㯠  ⠪ ᠬ , ⠪ ⪨      ᫥⢨ ணࠬ 訡.  ⭮ ஫ ᮢ ⠪ 訡   ᫥⢨  ⠭ ࠡ ணࠬ.  砥  ⭮ ஫ ணࠬ ᡮ ⠪ த ࠡ뢠 ⠭ ࠧ.   뤠 ᪮ ᮮ饭  ᤥ ⪠  ⠭⥫ 楤.
ਬ 饭 ᪮    㭪 5-2.  ਯ ᥣ⮢ ⠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡ ࠦ ⮫쪮 䨧᪨ 騥  .    ᥣ  ࠧ  䨧᪮  ⨯ EPROM ()  DRAM (⨢ ). ࠭  ᥣ   樮쭮 ⠭ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  ࠧ襭    DRAM. ࠭ ᥣ    ⠭ ࠢ 㬬 ࠧ஢ EPROM  DRAM.  ᯮ짮 /뢮, ࠢ塞 , ⨬  ᥣ   殬  ⨢ .

     ਯ        ᪠    ᪨
ॣ       ᥣ⮢                  ᬥ饭

------        ----------------    -------- 4  --------
| CS |------> ||࠭|    |EPROM |      |      |
------        ------------------->|------|      |------|
------        |  |  / |      |      ||
| ES |----    ---------------- |  |------|      | I/O  |
------    |                    |  ||      |------|
------    |                    |  | I/O  |      |      |
| SS |--  |   ----------------/   |------|      | DRAM |
------  |  -> ||࠭|    |      |      |      |
------   ---> ----------------    |      |      |------|
| DS |------> |  |    |DRAM  |      |EPROM |
------        ----------------    --------  0   --------

             㭮 5-2. 饭 ᪠ 

5.1.3 ᥣ⭠ 
 ᫮  ᥣ⭠ .   砥 ᯮ  ।⢠, ।⠢塞 堭 ᥣ樨.  ணࠬ  ᮡ⢥ ⠡ ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢  ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ᥣ.  ᥣ   㯠  ᪫⥫쭮 ᯮ殮 ணࠬ.   ࠧ 㣨 묨 ணࠬ.   ணࠬ  묨 ᥣ⠬  ࠢ 㠫쭮.
  ᯮ짮   ⮢   ᥣ⮢.  ᥣ,   ᥫ ᥣ 㦥  ᥣ ॣ.   ⠫ ᥣ⠬ 믮   㧪 ᮮ⢥ ᥫ஢ ᥣ  ᥣ ॣ (. 㭮 5-3).
 ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ ⤥쭮 ᭮ ࠭⢮.     ᯮ  ᬥ  䨧᪮ , 堭 ᥣ樨 ।頥   ᮤন  ᥣ⮬ ।⢮ 室  ࠭ 㣮 ᥣ  ⥭. ⪠ 樨   殬 ᥣ   樨 ᪫祭 饩 .
堭 ᥣ樨 ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ⠭  ,   ਯ ᥣ. ⢥⢥  ।  ᥣ ⤥쭮 ᭮    樮 ⥬.  ⢮ 樨,  ⥫쭮  ᥣ, ࠧ騥      . ਬ, ⥬    ,  , ࠭  .  㯥    롮ન    ᯮ짮 ਯ  ᥣ.  㯥    롮ન 㤠    ᯮ짮 ਯ ᥣ .

        ਯ                       ᪠
ॣ          ᥣ⮢                         

----------        ----------------                  -------------
|   CS   |------> ||࠭|                  |           |
----------        ------------------------          |           |
                  |  |        |         |           |
                  ----------------        |         |           |
                                          |         |           |
----------        ----------------        |         |           |
|   SS   |------> ||࠭|        |         |           |
----------        --------------------------------- |           |
                  |  |        |        \|           |
                  ----------------        |         |-----------|
                                          |         |           |
----------        ----------------        |         |           |
|   DS   |------> ||࠭|         \        |           |
----------        -----------------------   \       |           |
                  |  |        \  \      |           |
                  ----------------         \  \     |           |
                                            \  \    |           |
----------        ----------------           \  \   |           |
|   ES   |------> ||࠭|            \  \  |           |
----------        --------------------------   \  \ |           |
                  |  |          |   \  \|           |
                  ----------------          |    \  |-----------|
                                            |     \ |           |
----------        ----------------          |      \|           |
|   FS   |------> ||࠭|          |       |-----------|
----------        ------------------------------    |           |
                  |  |          |   \   |           |
                  ----------------          |    \  |           |
                                            |     \ |           |
----------        ----------------          |      \|           |
|   GS   |------> ||࠭|          |       |-----------|
----------        ---------------------     |       |           |
                  |  |     \     \      |           |
                  ----------------      \     \     |           |
                                         \     \    |           |
                  ----------------        \     \   |           |
                  ||࠭|         \     \  |           |
                  --------------------      \     \ |           |
                  |  |   |       \     \|           |
                  ----------------   |        \     |-----------|
                                     |         \    |           |
                  ----------------   |    ------\---|-----------|
                  ||࠭|   |   |       \  |           |
                  ------------------------        \ |           |
                  |  |   |             \|           |
                  ----------------   --------       |-----------|
                                             \      |           |
                  ----------------        ----------|-----------|
                  ||࠭|       |     \    |           |
                  ------------------------      \   |           |
                  |  |               \  |           |
                  ----------------                \ |           |
                                                   \|           |
                  ----------------                  |-----------|
                  ||࠭|                  |           |
                  --------------------------------  |           |
                  |  |                 \|           |
                  ----------------                  -------------

              㭮 5-3.  ᥣ⭠ 

5.2 ८ࠧ ᥣ
᪨  ⮨  16-⮢ ᥫ ᥣ  32- ⮢ ᬥ饭  ⮬ ᥣ. ᪨  ࠭᫨    ᫮ ᬥ饭    ᥣ.     ਯ ᥣ -    ,  ᮤন ଠ  ࠧ  ᯮ  ᥣ  ,  ⠪ ଠ  ࠢ 㯠. ਯ ᥣ      ⠡, ⠡  ਯ஢ (GDT)  ⠡  ਯ஢ (LDT).   ணࠬ  ⥬   ⠡ GDT,  ⠪   ⠡ LDT   ⤥쭮 믮塞  ⥪騩  ணࠬ. ᫨  樮 ⥬,  ࠧ ணࠬ  ࠧ     LDT. ⥬   ࣠   ⠡ LDT;  ⮬ 砥  ணࠬ  ᯮ짮 GDT.
 ᪨  易  ᢮ ᥣ⮬ ( ᫨ ⥬ ⮡ࠦ  ᥣ    ⮬   ᭮ ࠭⢮).  ணࠬ    ᥣ⮢,   ᯮ짮 㯭 ⮫쪮   .   ᥣ⮢, ᥫ  㦥  .  ᥣ ᮤন ଠ, ᯮ㥬  ࠭᫨஢ ᪮   ᮮ⢥騩  .
   뫪   (࠭ , ࠭ ⥪  ࠭⢠ )    ⤥ ᥣ ॣ.  ᮤঠ ᥫ ⥪ ᯮ㥬 ᥬ⮢.   㣨 ᥣ⠬ ॡ 㧪 ᥣ⭮ ॣ   ࠧ  MOV. ६   㯭   ᥣ⮢ ,   㬬  ⠫묨 ⠢  ᥣ ॣ஢.
 㧪 ᥫ ᥣ ⠪ ந室 㧪  ᥣ ॣ  , ࠭ ᥣ  ଠ樨, ࠢ饩 㯮. ᫥ ⮣  㦥  頥  ⠡栬 ਯ஢   ,   ந 㧪 㣮 ᥫ ᥣ. ଠ, ࠭ ஬,   믮  ࠭᫨஢,     譨 横 設.  ⥬,  ᪮쪮 ஢      ⥬  ⠡栬 ਯ஢, ⢥⢥  १㧪 ᥣ ॣ஢  䨪樨 ⠡ ਯ஢   ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ⥬. ᫨ ⮣  ᤥ,   ந ᯮ짮 ண ਯ ᥣ, ஢  ᥣ ॣ, 㦥 ᫥ 䨪樨  १⭮   ᨨ.
 ᥣ ᮤন 13-ࠧ來     ਯ ⠡.  㬭  ᥬ (᫮ ⮢  ਯ ᥣ)  ᪫뢠  32-⮢  ᮬ ਯ୮ ⠡.     ॣ ⠡  ਯ஢ (GDTR),   ॣ ⠡  ਯ஢ (LDTR).  ॣ ᮤঠ   砫 ਯ ⠡.   ᥫ ᥣ ।,  ⠡   ᯮ짮,    㭪 5-4.

  ᥣ                          
                                        
--------------------     ਯ஢            ਯ஢
|          |T|     |
|          |I|     |
--------------------
            |                  TI=0                   TI=1
             -------------------------------------------
                                 |                      |
                                \/                     \/
                         -----------------      -----------------
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |       |       |      |       |       |
                         |---------------|      |---------------|
                         |               |      |               |
                -------> -----------------  --> -----------------
               |                            |
               |                            |
               |                            |
               |  -------------             |    -------------
               |  |   |             |    |   |
               |  -------------             |    -------------
               |  | ࠭   |             |    |  ࠭  |
           --------------------         ----------------------
           |      | GDTR    |        | LDTR
           --------------------         ----------------------

     㭮 5-4.  TI 롨ࠥ ⠡ ਯ஢
 ८ࠧ  ।⠢ ᮡ  ,    㭪 5-5. ᫨ 窠 ࠭  ᯮ,   ६   䨧᪨ ᮬ. ᫨ 窠 ᯮ,  䨧᪨  砥  ஬ ஢ ८ࠧ . ࠭ ᮢ ᠭ  ࠧ 5.3.

            15                0    31                           0
᪨  --------------------   ------------------------------
       |          |   |        饭            |
            --------------------   ------------------------------
                 |         |                     |
          -------          \/                    |
          |                               |
          |    ਯ஢                      |
          |   --------------                     |
          |   |            |                     |
          |   |            |                     |
          |   |------------|                     |
          |   | ਯ |    -----     |
           -->|  ᥣ  |---------->| + |<----
              |------------|      -----
              |            |             |
              --------------             |
                            31           \/          0
                           ---------------------------
                   |⠫|࠭|饭|
                      ---------------------------

            㭮 5-5. ࠭  ᥣ

5.2.1  ॣ
  뫮   易  ᮮ⢥騬 ᥣ ॣ஬. 뫪  ,   ⥪ 믮 ।⢮ 㯠  ᮤন ᮮ⢥ ᥣ ॣ஢.  ६ 믮 ணࠬ     㣨 ᥣ⠬,  祣 ॡ 㧨 ᥫ 㦭 ᥣ⮢  ᥣ ॣ.
 ᥣ ॣ  ""  "" ,    㭪 5-6.  㧪   ᥣ ॣ஢ ᯮ ࠧ  MOV,   㦠 ᠬ ஬.

                
     ------------------------------------------------
     |     |   , ࠭  .. | CS
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | SS
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | DS
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | ES
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | FS
     |----------------------------------------------|
     |                                              | GS
     ------------------------------------------------

     㭮 5-6.  ॣ

 㧪  ॣ஢ ᯮ  ਪ ணࠬ, ᠭ   3.   ⨯ ⠪ :
1.  אַ 㧪, ⠪  MOV, POP, LDS, LSS, LSG  LFS.     ᥣ ॣࠬ .
2.   㧪, ⠪  ᨨ  CALL  JMP  쭨 㪠⥫.    ᮤন ॣ CS    믮.
 ᯮ짮  ,    ᥣ⭮ ॣ 㦠 ᥫ ᥣ.  , ࠭, ⨯   ଠ    ਯ୮ ⠡ ⮬᪨  頥     ᥣ⭮ ॣ.
᪮ 設⢮  뫠  ᥣ, ᥫ  㦥 㦥  ᥣ ॣ,   ਡ ᬥ饭 ᪮     ᥣ   த⢨.
5.2.2  ᥣ
 ᥣ 㪠뢠  ଠ, । ᥣ,  뢠 ਯ஬ ᥣ.  ணࠬ  ᯮ짮   ᥣ⮢, ᥫ   ᥣ ॣ.  ⠪ 砥 ணࠬ ᯮ ࠧ  MOV   ᮤন  ॣ஢ 直 ࠧ,   ॡ    ᥣ.
 ᥣ  ਯ ᥣ,  ⠡ ਯ஢   㦭 ਯ  ⮩ ⠡.  ᥣ  ਪ ணࠬ  ⢥  ६ ⨯ 㪠⥫,  筮 祭 ᥫ஢    ।ࠬ 痢  騬 稪,   ਪ묨 ணࠬ. ଠ ᥫ ᥣ   㭪 5-7.
: 롨ࠥ   8192 ਯ஢  ⠡ ਯ஢.  㬭 祭   8 (᫮ ⮢  ਯ ᥣ)  ᪫뢠 १   ᮬ ⠡ ਯ஢ (  ॣ GDTR  LDTR).
- ⠡ (TI):  ᯮ㥬 ⠡ ਯ஢. ᫨   饭,  롨ࠥ ⠡ GDT; ᫨   ⠭,  롨ࠥ ⥪ ⠡ LDT.
襭 ஢ ਢ஢ (RPL):᫨   ᮤন ஢ ਢ஢  訬 祭, 祬 ணࠬ (.. ਢ஢ ),   ८। ஢ ਢ஢ ணࠬ. ᫨ ணࠬ ᯮ  ਢ஢ ᥫ ᥣ,    ந室  訬 ஢ ਢ஢.  ᢮⢮ ᯮ    襭 ᭮ , ᫨  ਢ஢ ணࠬ ⠥ ᯮ짮  ਢ஢ ணࠬ  㯠  饭 .

     15                         3  2  1 0
     -------------------------------------
     |                            |T|    |
     |                      |I|RPL |
     |                            | |    |
     -------------------------------------

      ⠡ (TI) (0=GDT, 1=LDT)
     襭 ஢ ਢ஢ (RPL)
     (00= ਢ஢, 11=)

                 㭮 5-7.  ᥣ

ਬ, ⥬ ⨫  ࠩ ன  믮  ᠬ ᮪ ஢ ਢ஢  ⥬, ⮡   㯠  饭 ⥬ ।⢠, ⠪  ࠢ騥 ॣ  䥩  ਩묨 ன⢠. ,    ⢮  㣨 饭묨 ।⢠,   祭 ⠪    ਢ஢ ணࠬ. ᫨ ணࠬ ᨫ   ᪠ ᥪ   ,   ਢ஢ ணࠬ, ਬ 樮 ⥬,  RPL   ᯮ짮  樨 ᪫祭 饩 , ᫨ ᯮ짮 ᥫ ᥣ    ஢ ਢ஢.  ᪫祭   ⮣,  ணࠬ, ᯮ  ᥫ ᥣ,  筮 ᪨ ஢ ਢ஢  믮 ⠪ 樨.
᪮   ⠡ GDT ஬  ᯮ, ᥫ, ᮤঠ騩   祭 0   ⠡ 0 (.. ᥫ, 㪠뢠騩    GDT), ᯮ  ⢥ "⮣ ᥫ".    ᪫祭,  ᥣ ॣ ( 騩 ॣ஬ CS  SS) 㦠  ᥫ஬. , ᪫祭 , ᫨ ᥣ ॣ, ᮤঠ騩 ⮩ ᥫ, ᯮ  㯠  .  ।⢮   ᯮ짮  樠樨 ᯮ㥬 ᥣ ॣ஢.
5.2.3 ਯ ᥣ⮢
ਯ ᥣ ।⠢ ᮡ    ,  ᮮ頥  ࠧ  ᯮ   ᥣ,  ⠪ ࠢ ଠ  ଠ  ﭨ ᥣ. ਯ 筮 ᮧ ࠬ, 騪, 稪  樮 ⥬,   ਪ묨 ணࠬ.  㭪 5-8    ଠ ਯ. ਯ ⥬ ᥣ  ஡ ᬠਢ   6.  ⨯ ਯ஢ ⥬     ଠ⮢.
: । ᯮ ᥣ  । 4 ⭮ 䨧᪮ ᭮ ࠭⢠.  ᯮ     ,  ࠧ  32-⮢ 祭. 祭  ᥣ   ࠢ   16 ⠬ ᠬ ,   ணࠬ ᨬ஢  த⢨, ࠢ  ᢮ ।   16 ⠬ ᠬ  /.
 ࠭樨: 砥 ⠡஢  ࠭ ⠡ 樥⮬ 4096(2**12). ᫨   饭,  ࠭ ᥣ     4 (..  ࠭). ⬥⨬,     ⮢   砥, ᫨ ᯮ ⠡஢,  . ਬ, ࠭ 0  ⠭  ࠭樨  ⨬ ᬥ饭  0  4095. ⬥⨬ ⠪,   樥  ⮫쪮  祭  ࠭.   ⠥ ࠭㫨஢  ⠬.
ਯ, ᯮ㥬  ᥣ⮢    ਪ ணࠬ:

               2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31             4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7            0
---------------------------------------------------------------
|               | | | |A|      | | D | |      |               |
| BASE  31:24   |G|D|0|V|      |P| P |S| TYPE |   BASE 23:16  |
|               | | | |L|      | | L | |      |               |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|        15:00     |    ࠭ ᥣ 15:00    |
---------------------------------------------------------------

ਯ, ᯮ㥬  ᯥ樠 ⥬ ᥣ⮢:

               2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31             4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7            0
---------------------------------------------------------------
|               | | | |A|      | | D | |      |               |
| BASE  31:24   |G|D|0|V|      |P| P |S| TYPE |   BASE 23:16  |
|               | | | |L|      | | L | |      |               |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|        15:00     |    ࠭ ᥣ 15:00    |
---------------------------------------------------------------

AVL       㯭  ᯮ짮 ⥬ ணࠬ
          ᯥ祭
BASE        ᥣ
DPL       ஢ ਢ஢ ਯ
S          ਯ
          (0=⥬; 1=ਪ)
G         ࠭
࠭   ࠭ ᥣ
P         ⢨ ᥣ
TYPE       ᥣ
D          樨  㬮砭
          (ᯮ ⮫쪮  ਯ  ᥣ:
           0=16-⮢ ࠧ; 1=32-⮢ ࠧ)

               㭮 5-8  ਯ ᥣ

࠭: । ࠧ ᥣ.  頥 冷   ࠭ ᥣ,  ᮢ㯭 ࠧ  20-ࠧ來 祭.   ࠭     ᯮᮡ,  ᨬ  ⠭  ࠭樨:
1. ᫨  ࠭樨 饭,  ࠭  ਭ 祭  1   1 ,  饭ﬨ   .
2. ᫨  ࠭樨 ⠭,  ࠭  ਭ 祭  4   4 ,  饭ﬨ  4 .
 設⢠ ᥣ⮢ ᪨    祭 ᬥ饭    0  祭 ࠭. 稥 祭   樨 ᪫祭.   ७     ࠭  ⨢:    묨 祭ﬨ ᬥ饭, ஬ 祭  0  祭 ࠭ (. ᠭ  , ਢ ).   ᮧ ᥣ,   㢥祭 祭  ࠭ ਢ  ।      ᭮ ࠭⢠,  孥.   ७  ।祭  ࠭ ⥪,  ᯮ짮   易⥫쭮. ᫨ ⥪   饭  ᥣ,   㤥  ᢮ ࠧ,  ⠪ ᥣ⮬    ᥣ .
 S: ।,    ᥣ ⥬ ᥣ⮬,   ᥣ⮬   . ᫨  S ⠭,  ᥣ    ᥣ⮬,  ᥣ⮬ . ᫨   饭,  ᥣ  ⥬ ᥣ⮬.
 D: 뢠  ࠭  ᯮ⥫ ᮢ ᥣ  㬮砭. ᫨  D ⠭,  । ० 32-ࠧ來 ࠭  32-ࠧ來 ᯮ⥫ ᮢ. ᫨   饭  । ᯮ짮 16-ࠧ來 ࠭  ᮢ.
:  ⮣    ⮣, ⭮   ਯ  ਪ,    ⥬ ᥣ. ⥬ ᥣ  ᪮쪮  ଠ ਯ, ᬠਢ   6.   ਯ   ⨯ 㯠, ࠧ襭   ᥣ,  ⠪ ࠢ,  ஬  ᥣ  (.  5-1).

             5-1.  ਪ ᥣ⮢

-----------------------------------------------------------------
᫮ | E | W | A |        |             ᠭ
      |   |   |   |ਯ|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
   0    0   0   0        쪮 ⥭
   1    0   0   1        쪮 ⥭, 믮 
   2    0   1   0        ⥭/
   3    0   1   1        ⥭/, 믮 
   4    1   0   0        쪮 ⥭, ७ 
   5    1   0   1        쪮 ⥭, ७ ,
                               믮 
   6    1   1   0        ⥭/, ७ 
   7    1   1   1        ⥭/, ७ ,
                               믮 
-----------------------------------------------------------------
᫮ | C | R | A |        |             ᠭ
      |   |   |   |ਯ|
-----------------------------------------------------------------
   8    0   0   0           쪮 믮
   9    0   0   1           쪮 믮, 믮 
  10    0   1   0           믮/⥭
  11    0   1   1           /⥭, 믮 
  12    1   0   0           쪮 믮, ଭ
  13    1   0   1           쪮 믮, ଭ,
                               믮 
  14    1   1   0           믮/⮫쪮 ⥭, ଭ
  15    1   1   1           믮/⮫쪮 ⥭, ଭ,
                               믮 
-----------------------------------------------------------------

 ᥣ⮢      ⨯  ஢  ਧ ७  (E), ࠧ襭  (W)  ⮣,   ᥣ  믮  (A).   ᥣ⮢     ⨯  ஢  ਧ ଭ (C), ࠧ襭 ⥭ (R)  믮 㯠 (A).
    ।祭 ⮫쪮  ⥭   ⥭/. 㧪 ॣ SS ᥫ஬ ᥣ   㣮 ⨯ ᥣ  ᪫祭 饩 . ᫨ ⥪ ᥣ ॡ    ࠧ,     祭 ᥣ   ⨯ ७ .  ᥣ  ७    ࠭   ⨢. ᫨  㣨 ⨯ ᥣ ⨬묨  祭 ᬥ饭    0  祭 ࠭ ( ⮣   ᪫祭 饩 ),   ᥣ  ७  祭  ⮬ , ⨢,   樨 ᪫祭. ⨬묨 ᬥ饭ﬨ  ᥣ⮢  ७   ,   ᥣ⮢ 㣨 ⨯ 뢠 ᮡ .   ७   ᮢ ᬥ饭ﬨ, 訬  ࠢ묨 ࠭ ᥣ. 饭   ᥣ  ७  ᥣ  ॢ 祭 ࠭ ᥣ.   ࠭
 ᥣ   ।祭 ⮫쪮  믮,   믮/⥭.   ⨯ "믮/⥭"   ᯮ짮, ਬ,       饭 ⠭.   砥 ⠭   ⠭    , 饩 䨪 ८। ᥣ CS,    饭 ᥫ   ᥣ  ᥣ ॣ  ᥣ .
 ᥣ    ଭ묨,  -ଭ묨. 室 믮   ਢ஢ ଭ ᥣ ࠭ ⥪騩 ஢ ਢ஢. 室 믮  -ଭ ᥣ  㣨 ஢ ਢ஢ ਢ  樨 ᪫祭 饩 , ᫨  ᯮ짮   (㦤 । ⨧筮 .   6). ⥬ ⨫,  騥  ।⢠ , ⠪  㭪樨 ࠭᫨஢  (ਬ, ४஢ EBCDIC/ASCII, ஢ / ஢  ⮤ 䬠, ⥪ ⥬᪨ 㭪権),  ⠪  ⨯ ᪫祭 (ਬ, 訡   , ९, 㦥   INTO  ॢ襭  BOUND)   㦥  ଭ  ᥣ.
  ⠪ ᮮ頥  ⮬,     ᥣ 믮 .  室 ﭨ ਯ ᥣ⮢ ᮮ  ⮬,    ᥣ . ᫨   ⥬ ⠭  祭, 饥,    ᥣ   믮,  ⠭ 祭, ᫨   ᥣ ந襫. ⨢  ஢ਢ 訩   , ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ஫஢ ᯮ짮 ᥣ (訩    ⠪ 뢠 ⮬ 㯠).
ਬ, ⥬ ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ     㯠  ᥣ⮢ ਪ ணࠬ.  ᡮ  ਪ ணࠬ ﭨ  ⮢   ᯮ짮  樨   ᥣ⮢,   믮   ਪ ணࠬ.  ⫨稥  ஫ 祪,  ᯥ稢 堭 ⫠ (.  11), ଠ, ।⠢塞 ⨬ , ⭮   䨧᪨ ᠬ,   ᥣ⠬.
      㯥  ᥣ,  ᫨   ந襫  横 ⥭. ᫨ ⠡ ਯ஢ 뫨 饭  , ⭮ ᯥ祭  ॡ     設   ६ 横 .   ॡ  ᨣ READY#   横   ;  ⨢ 砥  ந 襭 ⮣ 横.  ।⢠ ⭮ 樨 室  ᯮ짮 -१ ⠡ ਯ஢  ஬ 386 DX,  ᥣ ⠭  㯠  㧪 ਯ ᥣ. ,  i486 ⮫쪮  ⮬ 砥, ᫨    ⠭.  ⪨   ⠡ ਯ஢   , ⠭  㯠   ਯ.
DPL (஢ ਢ஢ ਯ): । ஢ ਢ஢ ᥣ. ᯮ  ࠢ 㯮  ᥣ   堭 , ᠭ   6.
 ⢨ ᥣ: ᫨   饭,    㧪  ᥣ ॣ ᥫ  ਯ  ᪫祭 "ᥣ  ".  ᢮⢮ ᯮ  㦥 ⮪ 㯠  ᥣ⠬,  ⠫ 㯭묨.    㯭,  ⥬  ᮧ ᢮ .  ⮢ , ⠪  ᨬ   ࠩ ன,   ,    ⥪騩   ᯮ, 믮 ⬥ । . ⬥ ।  ⠪  믮 ન஢ ⠪ ᥣ  " 饣" ( 믮   ⪨  ⢨ ᥣ). ᫥ ⮣ ,   ᥣ⮬,   ।  㣮 ᯮ짮.  ,  ண 뫮 ⬥ । ,   ᫥騩 ࠧ, ᪫祭 "ᥣ  " 㪠  ,  室 ᭮ 㧨  ᥣ  . ᫨ ⠪ த 
 㭪 5-9  ଠ ਯ,   ⢨ ᥣ 饭.  ⮬ 砥 樮 ⥬  ࠢ ᯮ짮  , ⬥祭  㯭,  ࠭ ⠬ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ , ਬ, ଠ樨   ᥣ.

                          1 1 1 1 1 1 1
     31                   6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7          0
     ---------------------------------------------------
     |                     | | D |D|       |           |
     |   㯭         |0| P |T|    | 㯭 | +4
     |                     | | L | |       |           |
     ---------------------------------------------------
     |                    㯭                    | +0
     ---------------------------------------------------

   㭮 5-9. ਯ ᥣ (  )

5.2.4  ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢
 ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢ ।⠢ ᮡ ᨢ ਯ஢ ᥣ⮢.   ⨯ ⠡ ਯ஢:
-   ਯ஢ (GDT)
-   ਯ஢ (LDT)
 ⢥    ⠡ GDT,    믮塞 , ஬ ⮣,    ⠡ LDT.  ਯ஢ ।⠢ ᮡ ᨢ ᥣ ਯ஢,   㭪 5-10.  ਯ஢  ६    ᮤঠ  8192 (2**13) ਯ஢.  ਯ  ⠡ GDT ஬  ᯮ.  ᥣ   "⮣ ਯ"  㧪   ᥣ ॣ   ᪫祭,  ᪫祭  直 ࠧ  ⪥ 㯠    ᯮ짮 ⠪ ਯ. 樠 ᥣ ॣ஢ ⠪ ᥫ஬ ᥣ ࠭  ᪫祭  訡 뫪  ᯮ㥬 ᥣ ॣ.

                              
                          
           ਯ஢            ਯ஢

           -----------------      -----------------
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+38   |               |+38
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+30   |               |+30
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+28   |               |+28
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+20   |               |+20
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+18   |               |+18
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+10   |               |+10
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |       |       |      |       |       |
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |               |+8    |               |+8
           |---------------|      |---------------|
           |         |      |       |       |
           |ਯ    |      |---------------|
           |GDT            |      |               |
           | ᯮ|+0    |               |+0
           -----------------<---  -----------------<--------
                               |                           |
                        |    -------------   |
           GDTR                |  LDTR     |   |   |
               -------------   |           -------------   |
               | ࠭   |   |           |  ࠭  |   |
        --------------------   |  ----------------------   |
        |      |----  |        |---
        --------------------      ----------------------

     ਬ砭:     ⭠筮 ଠ.

               㭮 5-10.  ਯ஢

5.2.5  ॣ ⠡ ਯ஢
 믮  ⠡  ਯ஢ (GDT)  ⠡ ਯ஢ 뢠 (IDT) १ ॣ GDTR  IDTR, ᮮ⢥⢥.  ॣ ᮤঠ 32-⮢   ⠡   ᭮ ࠭⢥.  ⠪ ᮤঠ 16-⮢ 祭 ࠭筮 ࠧ  ⠡.  㧪  ࠭  ॣ஢  ந室   48-⮢ "ᥢ-ਯ",    㭪 5-11.  ᨬ樨 த⢨    ப  GDT  IDT   ࠢ  ࠭ , ⭮ 16 ⠬.
࠭筮 祭 ࠦ  .    ᥣ⮢,  ᪫뢠   ᮬ  祭  ᫥ ⨬ .  砥 祭 ࠭ 0  ᥣ  ⨬ . ᪮ ਯ ᥣ⮢ ᥣ  ࠧ ᥬ ⮢,  ࠭ ᥣ      楫᫥ ந 쬨, (.. 8N-1).  LGDT  SGDT   뢠 ॣ GDTR;  LIDT  SIDT   뢠 ॣ IDTR.
 ⠡ ਯ஢ -  쭠 ⠡ (LDT).     16-⮢ ᥫ ᥣ, ࠭  ॣ LDTR.  LLDT  SLDT   뢠 ᥫ ᥣ  ॣ LDTR.  LDTR ⠪ ᮤন    ࠭  LDT,   祭 㦠 ஬ ⮬᪨  ਯ ᥣ  LDT.  ᨬ樨 த⢨    ப  LDT   ࠢ  ࠭ , ⭮ 16 ⠬.
 ⪥ ࠭ ᥢ-ਯ  ० 짮⥫ (஢ ਢ஢ 3)   ᣥ஢ 訡 ஫ ࠢ. 筮 ணࠬ  ० 짮⥫  믮 ࠭ ᥢ-ਯ஢,   樨 ⠪ 訡  , ⨢ ᥢ-ਯ   ⭮ ᫮ (..  2 MOD 4).  ⠢  ࠭ ࠢ ᫮,   ᫥ ࠢ  ᫮.

     47                      16 15               0
     ----------------------------------------------
     |             |    ࠭       |
     ----------------------------------------------
     5                        2 1                0

     冷 ᫥ ⮢  

            㭮 5-11. ଠ ᥢ-ਯ

5.3 ࠭ ࠭
  ।⠢ ᮡ 32-⮢   த, ᥣ஢ ᭮ ࠭⢥.  ᭮ ࠭⢮   訬 䨧᪨  ࠭⢮ (..  ࠭⢮, 騬  4  ⨢ ),   ᯮ짮 ।⢮ 窨 ࠭, 饥  ᭮ ࠭⢮   让  ⨢   ண ⢠ ᪮ .  ᯮ짮 窨 ࠭   ࠭᫨  ᮮ⢥騩 䨧᪨ ,   ᪫祭.  ᪫祭  樮 ⥬   ࠭  ᪠ (, ᭨    ࠭),  ⥬ १ , 맢  ᪫祭.
堭 窨 ⫨砥  堭 ᥣ樨 ⥬,    砥 ᯮ 訥, 騥 䨪஢ ࠧ ࠭.  ⫨稥  ᥣ⮢,  筮  ࠧ, ࠢ ࠧ ᮤঠ    , ࠭  i486 ᥣ  ࠧ 4. ᫨ ᥣ  ⢥ ᯮ㥬 ମ ࠭樨 ,  , 室  䨧᪮ , 㤥     ᢮  ६.  ᯮ짮 堭 窨 ࠭    筮 室  ⨢ ,  筮  ᪮ .
ଠ, ᯥ稢 ⮡ࠦ  ᮢ  䨧᪨   ⢥   ᪫祭  砥 ᮮ⢥⢨, ࠭    ⨢ ,  뢠 ⠡栬 ࠭.    砥 ᥣ樨,  ଠ   ॣ   ⥬, ⮡ ஢ ᫮ 横 設, ॡ㥬  ࠭樨 .  ⫨稥  堭 ᥣ樨,  ॣ     ਪ ணࠬ. ( 楫 ஢  ॣ  ணࠬ, 믮塞  ᨬ ஢ ਢ஢: ஡ .   10).
寭 窨 ࠭ ᬠਢ 32-ࠧ來    騩   ⥩,    10-ࠧ來 ᮢ ࠭ ⠡  12-來 ᬥ饭  ⠡, 㥬 ࠭묨 ⠡栬. ᪮  㠫 ࠭   ᭮ ࠭⢥, ⠪  䨧᪨ ࠭  ࠢ  4⭮ ࠭ ࠭, ஢ 訥 12 ⮢   室.  12 ⮢  । ⭮ ᯥ祭, ࠡ饬  窮 ࠭, ᨬ  ⮣, ࠧ襭  窠  ⥪騩 ,  饭. ⬥⨬,   ⮬ ⮨ ⫨稥  ᥣ樨, ᪮ ᥣ  稭    .
訥 20 ⮢  ᯮ  樨 ࠭ ⠡. ᫨  ࠭  ᭮ ࠭⢠ ⮡ࠦ    ⠡ ࠭  ⨢ ,   ⮣ ॡ  4 .    ⠪.    ᯮ ࠭ ⠡  ஢. ࠭筠 ⠡ 孥 ஢ 뢠 ࠭ ⠫.   ⮡ࠦ 訥 10 ⮢   ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢.  ஬ ஢ ࠭ ⠡ ⮡ࠦ । 10 ⮢  , 饣   ࠭  䨧᪮  ( 뢠 ᮬ ࠭筮 ).
  ᮤন ⠡ ࠭  ⠫ ࠭  ஢ ᪫祭.   樮 ⥬    ⠡ ࠭  ᪠.  ⮬,  ࠭ ⠡ ண ஢  室  ᪥, 堭 窨 ࠭  ন ⮡ࠦ ᥣ  ᭮ ࠭⢠   ᥣ ᪮쪨 ࠭ .
 CR3 ᮤন  ࠭筮  ⠫ ࠭. ⮬  뢠  ॣ஬ ⠫ ࠭,  PDBR. 訥 10 ⮢   㬭  ⠡ 樥  (᫮ ⮢   ⠡ ࠭)  ᪫뢠  祭 ॣ PDBR  祭 䨧᪮    ⠫ ࠭. ᪮  ࠭筮  ᥣ  묨 訥 12 ,  ⠪ ᫮ 믮 ⮤ ⥭樨 (饭  12 ⮢ ⠡஢ ᮬ).
 㯥   ⠫ ࠭ 믮 ᪮쪮 ஢ப: ᪫祭  ஢, ᫨ ࠭ 饭    . ᫨ ᮡ   ஢,  訥 20 ⮢  ⠡ ࠭ ᯮ  ⢥  ࠭筮  ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢. । 10 ⮢   ⠡ 樥⮬  (᭮  ᫮ ࠢ ࠧ  ⠡ ࠭)  ⥭  ᮬ ࠭筮   祭 䨧᪮    ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢.
 , 믮 ஢ન 㯠,  १    ᪫祭. ᫨  ᪫祭  ,  訥 20 ⮢  ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢ ⥭  訬 12 ⠬  , ࠧ 䨧᪨  ࠭ ()  ⨢ .
 ⠪     ᫮,  ୮ ६   .    ⮢ ⠡ ࠭,  뢠 樠⨢ ஬ ࠭樨  (TBL). TBL 㤮⢮ 設⢮ ᮢ ⥭ ࠭ ⠡. ⥫ 横 設 稢 ⮫쪮  㯥   ࠭栬 .  ࠭ (4) 筮 , ⮬  ࠢ  ᫮ 横 設, 稢  믮   饭  , ᫮ 横  㯠  ⠡栬 ࠭ ⭮⥫쭮 . ६  ⨬ ࠧ ࠭ 筮 , ⮡  ᯮ짮  䥪⨢. (ᨬ  䠪᪮ 稭  ,      ࠭ ).
5.3.1  ࠧ襭 窨 ࠭ PG
᫨ 窠 ࠭ ࠧ襭, ᯮ ன ⠯ ࠭樨 , 騩 䨧᪨   . ᫨ 窠 ࠭ 饭,    ᮢ  ᯮ  䨧᪨ .
窠 ࠭ ࠧ襭, ᫨ ⠭  31 ( PG) ॣ CR0.   筮 ⠭ 樮 ⥬  ६ ணࠬ 樠樨.  PG   ⠭, ᫨  樮 ⥬  믮   ணࠬ  㠫쭮 ० 8086,   ᯮ짮 㠫쭮   窮 ࠭  ॡ.
5.3.2  
ଠ     㭪 5-12. 

         31             22 21         12 11           0
        -----------------------------------------------
        |    ⠫     |      |   饭   |
        -----------------------------------------------

             㭮 5-12. ଠ  


                                                       ࠭
     -----------------------------------------------      
     |    ⠫     |      |   饭   |  -----------
     -----------------------------------------------  |         |
           |               |               |          |         |
           |               |               |          | ࠭ |
  ---------                |                --------->|         |
 |     ⠫ ࠭     |     ࠭       |         |
 |     -----------------   |    ------------------    -----------
 |     |               |   |    |                |
 |     |---------------|   |    |----------------|
 ----->| ⠡|   ---->| ⠫|
       |     ࠭   |---     |     ࠭    |
       |---------------|  |     |----------------|
       |               |  |     |                |
       |               |  |     |                |
       -----------------  |     ------------------
               ^          |              ^
               |          |              |
     -------   |          ----------------
CR3  |     |---
     -------

          㭮 5-13. ࠭ ࠭筮 

 㭪 5-13 ,  ࠧ  ࠭᫨    ⠫,   饭  䨧᪨   ᯮ짮  ஢ ࠭ ⠡. 堭 窨 ࠭ ᯮ  ⠫  ⢥  ⠫ ࠭,    ⢥  ⠡ ࠭, ।塞  ⠫ ࠭,   饭  樨 ࠭  ࠭,   ⠡ ࠭.
5.3.3  ࠭
 ࠭ ।⠢ ᮡ ᨢ, 騩  32-ࠧ來 ⮢.  ࠭ ᠬ  ࠭楩  ᮤন 4096 ⮢ ,  ᨬ 1 32-ࠧ來 ⮢.  ࠭,  ⠫ ࠭  ⠡ ࠭, ஢  ࠭ 4.
 樨 ࠭  ᯮ  ஢ ⠡. 訩 ஢ 뢠 ⠫ ࠭.    1 ࠭ ⠡ ண ஢.  ࠭ ண ஢   1 ࠭  䨧᪮ .  ࠧ,  ⠡, 㥬  ⠫ ࠭,  ᮢ  1  2**20 ࠭. ᪮  ࠭ ᮤন 4,  2**12 ⮢, ⠡  ⠫ ࠭ 뢠   ᭮ ࠭⢮  i486 (2**20 x 2**12 = 2 **32).
᪨  ⥪饣 ࠭筮 ⠫ ࠭  ॣ CR3,  ⠪ 뢠  ॣ஬ ⠫ ࠭ (PDBR). ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ࣠樨   樨 ᯮ짮  ⠫ ࠭   ,  ⠫ ࠭   ,  ன 樨   権.   10 ਢ ଠ  樠樨 ॣ CR3.  ⮬,  ᮤন CR3     , .   7.
5.3.4  ⠡ ࠭
 ࠭ ⠡  ஢   ଠ.  ଠ   㭪 5-14.
5.3.4.1  ࠭筮 
 ࠭筮    ᮬ ࠭.   ࠭筮 ⠡ 訥 20 ⮢ ᯮ    ࠭筮 ,  訥 12 ⮢  ࠢ騥    ﭨ   ࠭.  ⠫ ࠭  ࠭筮  ।⠢ ᮡ  ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢.  ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢  ࠭筮  -   ࠭,  ᮤন   .
5.3.4.2  ⢨
 ⢨ 㪠뢠  , ⮡ࠦ   ࠭筮   ⠡ ࠭ ࠭楩  䨧᪮ . ᫨   ⠭,  ࠭ 室  .
᫨  ⢨ 饭,  ࠭  室  ,  ⠫쭠    ⠡ ࠭ 㯭  ᯮ짮 樮 ⥬, ਬ,  ࠭ ଠ樨  ⮬,  室   ࠭.  㭪 5-15  ଠ  ⠡ ࠭,   ⢨ 饭.

     31                           12 11                    0
    ---------------------------------------------------------
    |                               |     |   | | |P|P|U|R| |
    | ࠭筮  31..12 |AVAIL|0 0|D|A|C|W|/|/|P|
    |                               |     |   | | |D|T|S|W| |
    ---------------------------------------------------------

    P        - ⢨
    R/W      - ⥭/ 
    U/S      - 짮⥫/㯥ࢨ
    PWT      -  ࠭ ஧筠
    PCD      - ஢  ஢ ࠭ 饭
    A        -  ந襫
    D        - "吝"
    AVAIL    - 㯭  ᯮ짮 ⥬ ணࠬ⮬

ਬ砭: 0 砥 १ࢨ஢ Intel.  믮 ।  ⮢.

         㭮 5-14. ଠ  ⠡ ࠭


     31                                1 0
     --------------------------------------
     |        㯭                  |0|
     --------------------------------------

         㭮 5-15.  ଠ  ⠡ ࠭  -饩 ⠡

᫨  ⢨   ஢ ⠡ ࠭ 饭,   ⪠ ᯮ짮   ⠡  ᭮ ࠭樨,  ந室 ⠪ ᫥⥫쭮 ᮡ⨩:
1. 樮 ⥬  ࠭  ᪮   䨧 .
2. 樮 ⥬ 㦠  ࠭筮    ⠡ ࠭  ⠭  ⢨. 稥 , ਬ,  ⥭/, ⠪   ⮬  ⠭.
3. ᪮   樠⨢ ࠭樨 (TLB)    室  ண  ⠡ ࠭,  樮 ⥬ 頥  .  TLB  ᯮᮡ  ⪨ ᬠਢ  ࠧ 5.3.5.
4. 믮  ணࠬ, 맢襩 ᪫祭.
᪮ CR3    ⢨,  㪠뢠    砨,  ⠫ ࠭  室  ⨢ , ⠫ ࠭,   㪠뢠 CR3,  室  䨧᪮  ᥣ.
5.3.4.3  㯠  "吝"
  ᮤঠ   ᯮ짮 ࠭   ஢ ࠭ ⠡.  㯠 ᯮ  ᮮ饭  㯥  ⥭    ࠭  ࠭筮 ⠡ ண ஢.  "吝" ᮮ頥  㯥  ࠭  .
 ᪫祭  "吝"   ⠫ ࠭,   ⠭  ᯥ祭;    頥     ⮢.  ⠭  㯠   ஢ ࠭ ⠡  樨 ⥭   ࠭.  ⠭  "吝"  ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢, ० 祬 믮    , ⮡ࠦ  ⮬ ⠡.  "吝"   ⠫ ࠭  ।.
樮 ⥬  ᯮ짮  㯠,   ॡ ᮧ  ᢮  , 뫠 ࠭  ⠡ ࠭ ண ஢  . ਮ᪨   㯠  ࠭ ⠡,   ।,  ࠭ 뫨 ᯮ짮 ᫥.  ᯮ㥬 ࠭  ⠬  뫪  ᪮ .
樮 ⥬  ᯮ짮  "吝",  ࠭ 뫠 ⭮  .   "吝"  뫪 ࠭  ⨢ , 樮 ⥬  ।, ந襫  -    ⮩ ࠭. ᫨   ⮩ ࠭  ᪥    ⨢   뫠  ﬨ ,   ᮮ⢥   ᪥  ⨢   室.
 ⮬,   i486   㯠  "吝"   ⥬, ᠭ   13.
5.3.4.4  ⥭/  짮⥫/㯥ࢨ
 ⥭/  짮⥫/㯥ࢨ ᯮ   ஢ப ࠭, 믮塞 ஬ ६  ࠭樥 .  ஡ ଠ   .   6.
5.3.4.5  ࠢ 襬 ࠭筮 ஢
 PCD  PWT ᯮ  ࣠樨  ࠭筮 ஢. ணࠬ ᯥ祭     ⮢ ࠢ ஢ ⤥ ࠭  ࠭ ⠡ ண ஢.  ஡ ଠ  ஢ .   12.
5.3.5 樠⨢  ࠭樨
 ࠭ ᯮ짮 ᫥  ࠭ ⠡  室饬  ⠢ 奬 ,  뢠 ஬ 樠⨢ ࠭樨,  TLB.   窨 ࠭ 믮   ᮤন TLB.  設  饭  ࠭ ⠡栬 稢 ⮫쪮  ᯮ짮  ࠭.
TLB   ਪ ணࠬ,    樮 ⥬. ⥬ ணࠬ   TLB (᢮  ᮤন  ⮢ ࠭ ⠡)   ⮢ ࠭ ⠡. ᫨ ⮣  ᤥ,   ,  稢訥 ,   訡筮 ᯮ짮  ᭮ ࠭樨.    ࠭,   室  ⨢ ,  ॡ ⪨ TLB, ᪮      ࠭  .
TLB 頥  㧪 ॣ CR3.  CR3   㦥   ᫥ ᯮᮡ:
1.  㧪    MOV, ਬ
MOV CR3,EAX
2.  㧪   ४⥫ ,   ᮤন ॣ CR3. ( ஡ ଠ  ४祭  .   7).
   TBL   饭    INVLPG.   뢠    ࠧ ⭮ ࠭.
5.4 ꥤ ᥣ⭮  ࠭筮 ࠭樨
 㭪 5-16  ꥤ 㭪 5-5  5-13, ஥ 㬬  ⠯ ࠭樨  ᪮   䨧᪮,  ࠧ襭 堭 窨 ࠭. 樨, ।⠢塞  ⠯ ᭮ ࠭樨,   ᯮ짮  প ࠧ ⨫ ࣠樨 .
5.4.1 ᪠ 
  i486 ᯮ  믮 ணࠬ ᯥ祭,  ᯮ饣 堭 ᥣ樨,   ⥫ 㤠 । ᥣ樨 .  i486    ०,      몫 ।⢠ ᥣ樨,  筮 ⠪  䥪   ⨣    ⮡ࠦ  ࠭ ⥪,       ⮬    ᮢ. ᯮ㥬   32-ࠧ來 ᬥ饭  뢠   ᭮ ࠭⢮.
 ᯮ짮 堭 窨 ࠭ ᥣ  ⮡ࠦ  ᥬ  ᭮ ࠭⢥.  ६ 믮  祬  ணࠬ 堭 窨 ࠭   ᯮ짮  ⮣, ⮡  ⤥쭮 ᭮ ࠭⢮  믮塞 ணࠬ.

            15                0    31                           0
᪨  -----------------------------------------------------
       |            |          饭            |
            -----------------------------------------------------
                 |         |                     |
          -------          \/                    |
          |                               |
          |    ਯ஢                      |
          |   --------------                     |
          |   |            |                     |
          |   |            |                     |
          |   |------------|                     |
          |   | ਯ |    -----     |
           -->|  ᥣ  |---------->| + |<----
              |------------|      -----
              |            |             |
              --------------             |
                                         |
                              -----------
                             |
                     |
                        \/                       ࠭
     -----------------------------------------------      
     |    ⠫     |      |   饭   |  -----------
     -----------------------------------------------  |         |
           |               |               |          |         |
           |               |               |          | ࠭ |
  ---------                |                --------->|         |
 |     ⠫ ࠭     |     ࠭       |         |
 |     -----------------   |    ------------------    -----------
 |     |               |   |    |                |
 |     |---------------|   |    |----------------|
 ----->| ⠡|   ---->| ⠫|
       |     ࠭   |---     |     ࠭    |
       |---------------|  |     |----------------|
       |               |  |     |                |
       |               |  |     |                |
       -----------------  |     ------------------
               ^          |              ^
               |          |              |
     -------   |          ----------------
CR3  |     |---
     -------

     㭮 5-16. ꥤ  ᥣ⭠    ࠭筠
                       ࠭ 

5.4.2 , 騥 ᪮쪮 ࠭
⥪  ᪠ ⢮ ᥣ⮢, ॢ  ࠧ  ࠭ (4). ਬ, 訥      ࠭. ᫨ 窠 ࠭  ᯮ,   㯠      ॡ ⢨  䨧᪮  ᥩ  .  ᯮ짮 堭 窨 ࠭   易⥫쭮 ⢨ ⮫쪮 ࠭, ᮤঠ饩   ,  ன  ⥪騩  믮 .
5.4.3 ࠭, ᮤঠ騥 ᪮쪮 ᥣ⮢
  ⠪   ࠧ  ࠭. ᫨ ⠪ ᥣ 㤥 饭  ⤥,  ᮤঠ 㣨 ᥣ⮢ ࠭,  砥 ᯮ  . ਬ,  饭  ⤥ ࠭ 让  , ਬ, 饣 1  ᥬ, 㤥 室 4 . ᫨ ᯮ  ⠪ ᥬ஢, ࠧ 䥪⨢ 㤥 㯠    ࠭.
5.4.4 ࠢ ࠭ ࠭  ᥣ⮢
⥪   ⠭ - ਭ㤨⥫ ᮮ⭮襭  ࠭栬 ࠭  ᥣ⮢. ࠭  ᮤঠ   ᥣ  砫 ᫥饣.  ࠧ, ᥣ  ᮤঠ   ࠭  砫 ᫥饩.
5.4.5 ࠢ ࠭ ࠭  ᥣ⮢
ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ࣠樨      䥪⨢  ⠭ ண ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ࠢ ࠭ ࠭  ᥣ⮢. ਬ, ᫨ ᥣ,     ।  ࠭, ࠧ饭   ࠭,    ⠪ ᥣ ॡ   ࠧ  ६   ᮤঠ  ࠭.
5.4.6 ࠭筠 ⠡   ᥣ
⮤ ꥤ 堭 窨 ࠭  ᥣ樨, 騩 ணࠬ ᯥ祭 ࣠樨 , 砥  ⮬, ⮡   ᥣ ᢮ ࠭ ⠡,    㭪 5-17.  ᠬ  ⠫ ࠭  ᥣ 㤥 ᮮ⢥⢮   ⠡, ᯥ稢 ଠ  ࠢ 㯮  窨 ࠭, ᮮ⢥  ᥣ.

                                                      ࠭
                                                        
                                                     ------------
    LDT         ⠫ ࠭    ࠭ -->|          |
-------------    -------------     ------------- |   ------------
|           |    |           |     |           | |
|-----------|    |-----------|     |-----------| |
|           |    |           |     |    |-    ------------
|-----------|    |-----------|     |-----------|     |          |
|           |    |           |     |    |---->------------
|-----------|    |-----------|     |-----------|
|           |    |           |     |    |-
|-----------|    |-----------| --->------------- |   ------------
|ਯ |--->|    |-'                  -->|          |
|-----------|    |-----------|                       ------------
|ਯ |--->|    |-
|-----------|    |-----------| |   -------------
|           |    |           | |   |           |
|-----------|    |-----------| |   |-----------|
|           |    |           | |   |           |     ------------
|-----------|    |-----------| |   |-----------|     |          |
|           |    |           | |   |    |---->------------
|-----------|    |-----------| |   |-----------|
|           |    |           | |   |    |-    ------------
-------------    -------------  -->------------- |   |          |
    LDT         ⠫ ࠭    ࠭ -->------------
                                                      ࠭ 

      㭮 5-17.  ᥣ   ᮡ⢥
                       ࠭ ⠡
